Custom Philosophy Essay Writing By Professional Service In part 4, I argue that the NFN View has higher explanatory power, accounting for a broader and more numerous vary of intuitions about welfare. I call this view the “Not‐for‐Naught View,” or the “NFN View” for brief. I won’t be arguing that the NFN View is superior to all other views about welfare, only that it's superior to the Achievement View. Notice how this writer makes use of a variety of coherence devices, typically in combination, to attain total paragraph coherence. Notice how easy it's to determine and follow the structure of each paper. You need your paper to be simply as simple to observe. So we have seen that none of the responses open to X succeed in rebutting my argument. Now most of us are inclined to evaluate that you've got a duty to save lots of the child. We are even inclined to assume that it would be significantly morally wrong to only walk away and let the child drown. But notice that you don't stand in any particular relationship to the child, for we're to suppose that the kid is a complete stranger who belongs to a unique tradition and society. The Shallow Pond, then, constitutes a counter‐ example to the declare that we solely have a duty to help those with whom we've some particular relationship. The level is you donʹt want to take the weakest argument for an opposing view an attack that. Hence, we should always reject Xʹs claim that P. In part 1, I explicate the two views. In part 2, I argue that the NFN View has all the advantages that philosophers corresponding to Thomas Scanlon and Simon Keller have claimed for the Achievement View. In some cases, it could even be essential to make charitable revisions to an argument. That is, typically an argument is flawed in a way that can be easily fixed. In this case, you should clarify how the argument could be revised after which focus your criticisms on this stronger, revised model of the argument. For instance, think about the following objection against Thomsonʹs violinist example. Use quotations to amplify or justify your argument, to not reiterate it. You must show your professor that you just understand what you have learn and you've got one thing substantial to say about it. Try to keep away from lengthy chains of quotes and make sure that the quotes you do use contribute on to the argument that you are attempting to build. It is perfectly acceptable to state one's opinion--a good thesis is one that takes advantage of the author's interests and beliefs--however that opinion should be strengthened with sturdy textual support. You don’t must know every little thing about the textual content, that may doubtless be impossible, however you do have to reveal that you've a familiarity with the goals of the text. Ideally you'd show how this concept opens the door to understanding the remainder of the textual content. One way to argue in opposition to this view is to current a counter‐example. One well-known example, which comes from the philosophical literature, known as ʺThe Shallow Pond.ʺ Imagine that while walking to class at some point, you see a small youngster drowning in a shallow pond. In order to avoid wasting the kid, you need only wade into the shallow pond and grab the kid. Lastly, I will defend this revised thesis against other potential objections. I will argue that Thomsonʹs argument isn’t cogent. I will demonstrate that there are necessary variations between killing the violinist and killing a fetus that has been conceived as results of rape. These variations undermine her argument by analogy for the permissibility of abortion within the case of rape. However, ensure that quotes aren't merely repetitions of one thing you just stated, and avoid using quotations to convey an concept you can have just as simply explained with out one. But it seems that Thomson could easily revise her analogy and still use it for a similar effect. After all, even when we suppose that the violinist is a midget who could be carried on oneʹs again for the nine months, it still seems permissible to disconnect your self from him. The paragraph is now much more coherent. The group of the knowledge and the hyperlinks between sentences help readers transfer simply from one sentence to the subsequent. Avoid inflated, rhetorical introductory remarks (generally generally known as ʺfluffʺ). If, for instance, your paper is on abortion, you shouldnʹt waste limited space with some irrelevant and long‐winded spiel about what an important and controversial problem abortion is. I will argue that Singerʹs thesis needs to be revised in mild of Arthurʹs criticisms, however solely barely. I will propose the following revised model of Singerʹs thesis…. And I will argue that this revised version of Singer’s thesis avoids Arthurʹs objections. Rather you want to consider the strongest possible argument for an opposing view and show that even that argument fails. Only then will you've convinced others that the opposing view is indefensible. Donʹt treat the philosophers or views youʹre discussing as if they were stupid. If they have been silly, we wouldnʹt be discussing them in the first place. So even if you are subsequently going to criticize an argument, state it first in a good and sympathetic method, making clear why a reasonable particular person may be led to think in such a means.
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9/17/2020 0 Comments Not A Research PaperNot A Research Paper Hours and seating at library amenities are limited at this time. Access the World Bank's portfolio of greater than 12,000 improvement initiatives, together with present and historic data since 1947. COVID-19 demands World Bank engagement with unprecedented pace, scale and selectivity. Learn more about our priorities in our new crisis response paper. For IEEE to continue sending you useful info on our products and services, please consent to our updated Privacy Policy. Evans Library and Annex also has individual and group examine areas, and homes Starbucks, Federal Depository Library and the University Writing Center. The Libraries are open for particular person, quiet research and research. For your safety and ours, the Libraries have reduced occupancy to implement social distancing. Secondary sources analyze a scholarly question and infrequently use primary sources as evidence. A main essay introduces the work and the second part of the book features eighty previously unpublished main paperwork for instance the experiences of Cuba's African slaves. Primary sources could embody diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, images, newspaper articles, authorities paperwork, poems, novels, performs, and music. 500 Years of Chicana Women's History presents a powerful antidote to the absence of Chicana history in U.S. historical past books. This guide is a vivid, pictorial account of struggle and survival, resilience and achievement, discrimination and identity. The Articles hyperlink in the navigation bar on the left supplies hyperlinks to databases that can lead you to secondary sources . ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, however note that service charges apply. I’ve graded drafts and assigned rewrites, and that helps the great students get higher, but the unhealthy college students, those I’m attempting to assist, just fail to turn in any drafts in any respect. Face coverings are required at all times whereas in the Libraries. Visit & StudyThe Libraries are open for particular person, quiet research and analysis. UK Libraries is happy to have college students and college back to campus for the fall semester, and we're dedicated to doing our half to keep up the well being and security of our campus group. Meanwhile, I come up for air and realize that with all this further grading, I’m making 75 cents an hour. Ask if an organization has a money-back guarantee – it’s an indication of professional service in 2020. For instance, we have an sincere cash-again obtainable from day one. BLCC serves the Mays Business School and offers access to a large assortment of enterprise research instruments. BLCC additionally provides printing companies, open access computer systems and group and particular person research spaces. Evans Library and Annex offers collections and experience in sciences, engineering, social sciences, humanities, education, and map and GIS services. The assortment and evaluation of main sources is central to historic analysis. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit group serving to the educational group use digital applied sciences to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and instructing in sustainable methods. Note you possibly can choose to send to both the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free however can only be despatched to your device when it is linked to wi-fi. View Catalog New Collections for K-12 Students Explore curated eBook collections to assist students’ educational growth, SEL, and extra. Together, we will foster a blended learning environment where students thrive. Whether you are a genealogist, researcher, student or simply have questions on Ohio history, our Archives & Library is here to help. From antique bottles to intently guarded recipes and treasured historic architecture, breweries have a special place in American historical past. This fascinating e-book brings the fabric culture of breweries within the United States to life, from many areas of the country and from early 16th century production to today's industrial operations.
12/13/2019 0 Comments How Media Actually Affects the Culture of the Human Society Today Essay Example for Free How Media Actually Affects the Culture of the Human Society Today Essay
Introduction The contemporary problem of a society which has a democratic and liberal political setting alongside a free market economic system or any society which gears towards such characterizations remains to be one that involves what contemporary political thinkers and scholars refer to as the notion of the plurality of values. Isaiah Berlin, for instance, considers what he called values pluralism as an inevitable consequence of the processes of democratization and liberalization. For the sake of clarity, it is but proper to lay down at the onset, what the task of this paper is. This paper’s task remains two-fold; first it seeks to explicate Thomas Frank’s views in his essay entitled, Why Johnny Can’t Dissent from the book, Commodify Your Dissent, and second, it aims to give substantive criticisms to Frank’s views and comment on how media and advertising have caused business culture and counterculture to become, essentially, one and the same; primarily answering the question “in what sense may they be considered as one and the same?†Relating the Thoughts of Frank with the Theories of Selznick Understanding the business industries today, it should occur to everyone that the said field of concern actually notes the impact of business upon the culture of the society today. Good manners involve showing consideration for the feelings of others, according them respect, treating them as we would like for them to treat us. Many have noted, however, that manners themselves have undergone a breakdown. Indeed, courtesy becomes one of the most wanted character among people which proves that the society lacks so much manners an is still lacking some as the years pass by. Certainly the idea of being polite have been used by many personalities in the human community today to conceal the real score behind politics and its connection with selfishness, hence making the society more prone to demands of fine manner which even people in authority fail to show. Children as young as five years of age are increasingly belligerent, disrespectful of other children’s property, lacking in respect for adults, and using obscene language. Most teachers surveyed feel that parents are spoiling their children and that this is the root cause of the increase in unsocial behavior. At one point, it could be said that the issue of display of fine manners starts decaying within the four walls of the homes where individual characters are developed within a person. Many factors concerning a child’s development have been causing social chaos as the children of certain generation grow to take over the society. As result the characters once set in a child to be right and acceptable causes problems to the society as they grow older. True, in many cases, the homes which are supposed to be the modeling clay of a person’s being becomes highly incapable of doing its part in making a better society for the future. Instead, divorces and other family failures present in the society today drives the very idea of the mistaken identity of the ‘wrong’ to become accepted in the human community. The used to be ‘fine atmosphere’ of parks and playgrounds is now replaced with the view of groups of children ages nine to thirteen gathered in gangs and not by playmates. Even the children’s views of ‘fun’ have now changed to violence and authority. Certainly, world reports are mostly making much clear points on showing that the world’s moral belief and application is already falling off from the supposed needed application for the social development and peace to be highly implemented. Regarding these issues of moral-lack, Philip Selznick has produced a written repot on the needs of having moral standards back in the human society today. In the paragraphs to follow, the beliefs of the said author regarding the said issue shall be tackled and discussed for closer evaluation. Sociology and the Perfect Society            The present human condition is dealing with so much problems and issues involving human morality. The values of moral, which are obviously lacking on the present human society is quite an obvious dilemma in the present system of things in the human community. Hence, it is necessary for the present human generation to recognize the need of bringing back morals in the society to be able to save the present generation from perishing in a moral basis. According to Selznick, “Morality is made for humans and not humans for morality†(Selznick, 12), this means that morality is a provision for the human generation and not a responsibility. In this regard, it is important for all humans that everyone recognizes the value of morals at all times. However, this truth has never been totally effective with the human generations that passed the world history. In many points of history, the human civilization has posted so much violence and disrespect for life. This is the exact opposite of what is morally accepted in the society.            In this manner, it is indeed a factor of consideration that morals are also affected buy the different organizations that humans form in the society. Indeed, it is true, that by the existence of an influential environment, morals get so twisted and are thus mixed up with immoral beliefs. As Selznick says: “when it comes to bureaucracies, whatever their dysfunctions, hold open the possibility of overcoming local obligations in favor of more universalistic claims†(Selznick, 14). In this regard, it could be noticed that Selznick strongly points out that as an individual develops, the society goes with the development as well. However, since the individual population of today’s society seems to develop to a more negatively enhanced improvement, the society too becomes more negatively rooted as the years tend to pass. The Elements of a Perfect Community            According to Selznick, the real definition behind a society that is perfectly designed for living is based upon morals. He adds in his written work that “definitions in social theory should be weak, inclusive and relatively uncontroversialâ€, in this way, morals are preserved and the established by humans themselves do not intercept in the implication of what is morally accepted in the human community.            He also adds that to be able to attain a perfectly created society, there are seven essential elements that should be considered. The seven elements are as follows: Historicity This defines the strong foundation of any community based upon the past of a certain group of society. The foundation of morals, which are already accepted in the said society, would be the basis of what is morally right. However, since time changes, morals too either develop or in some ways decrease in its strength through the test of time. Identity A society is indeed known through its identity of moral difference against other social groups. The way they are accepting morals usually differs from how others tend to accept morality as a part of their daily living. In this regard, the different societies are considered different form each one because of their own carried identity. Mutuality It is very important that everyone accept the moral standards set up for their own community. This way the social standards of morality could be considered highly practical and effective for everyone. This means that everybody within a society has mutual understanding and acceptance of what is considered righteous. Plurality The majority that accepts the moral values that are standardized for social reference is very important. The more there are who accepts the values to be morally righteous, the more effective the said principles are for everyone. Autonomy Everybody is bound to do what is right; they are bound to do what is accordingly acceptable with the set principles of morals within the society they are living in. However, it should still be recognized that every person has their own will, their own capability of deciding. This means that to be able to do what is right, a person must also consult his own thoughts and beliefs regarding what should be considered moral, basing from their own individual foundation of knowing what is right and wrong. Participation As earlier said, participation of the majority with regards to the acceptance of moral principles in the entire population of the society is an important factor of making or creating a perfect society. Integration Being able to integrate with the acceptable moral principles of the society is indeed an important part of making a completely peacefully interconnected society. Certainly, this means that being socially integrated within the community through moral principles is a basis of a perfect community. (Source: Selznick, Philip. (1994). The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community (Centennial Books). University of California Press; Reprint edition.)            These factors of a community makes it possible for the entire population to realize their worth in the society. Being able to fully grasp the importance of being a part of the developments in a community indeed makes a person’s view of life and worth of living a more improved factor of his life.            It is evident that Selznick wants to point out the importance of one’s satisfaction with his life and his worth to the society. This moves an individual to fully grasp the importance of his presence and the worth of his life to others, thus making a positive move to be able to do so, helps that person to become more righteous and positively inclined when it comes to the display of his manners.  As an overall view, Selznick’s theory with regards to a perfect society is indeed an epitome of social utopia derived from individual developments. The fact that as the basic sector of the community, the individual’s growth determines the society’s growth as well, Selznick points out that to have a perfect community, a person must not only realize his worth as an individual but as a part of a big society which needs his presence to grow in becoming more developed and socially mannered.            Being a member of a community leaves a person certain responsibilities of being a continuous contributor towards the good of every one involved within the society as well. Constant observance of the moral values in the society is an important factor of creating a perfect kind of community, which makes it more livable for most of the population in the society.            For these moments, it is important to reconsider morals to bring back the peaceful situations of a utopian model of a society. Although the world today has a hard time implementing the social principles of what is morally acceptable, the theories and elements of a perfect community as mentioned by Selznick is still indeed an effective way of implementing peace in a certain society; and thus if implemented, a society borne to peace and security is not far from being developed. However hard to apply the changes may be, it could still be expected that with ample effort, the aims of a perfect community could be achieved. These views of the said theorist has been further enhanced and introduced for social understanding. Likely, the understanding of such balance that makes a clear connection between media and popular culture is the main feature of Thomas Frank’s views. Primarily, the focus of the discussion shall be centered upon the understanding of media and its implications with the social culture that is obviously one of the essential factors of a utopian society. Understanding Thomas Frank’s Views In this regard, with the aim of pursuing the understanding upon the views of Thomas Frank, the discussion in this paper shall then be stressed on the direct effects of the assumptions of the said expert with regards media and human culture. Adorno and Horkheimer, for instance, view commercialism, the weapon of capitalism in and through which it is possible to transform a society into a mediocre herd which prefers popular culture’s logic of style and false notions of values such as “individuality†over more pure expressions of truth, as the culprit for the erosion not only of societal values but also of culture. As they see it, commercialism made possible the existence of the “deceived masses†(133). The deception of the masses is a phenomenon that is worth the time to evaluate. How is this phenomenon possible? It is at this point that media and advertising steps into the scene. In Legal Philosophy, fundamental rights are those rights that are inalienable to human persons. An example of this kind of right is the right of free speech. The state’s recognition that free speech is a fundamental right that ought to be granted to individuals or citizens of a free democracy has crucial implications on the current problems of any state claiming to be “democraticâ€. For one, free speech, by virtue of being a fundamental right, paves the way for differing ideas, worldviews and values. In a liberal and democratic political setting, this is actually healthy. Ideally, it ensures that decisions are arrived at through proper deliberation. By proper deliberation, we refer to different ideas being examined critically through rational discourse. However, there had been considerably significant drawbacks to the recognition of free speech as a fundamental right and these drawbacks involve among many other things the core notions of social obligation and social responsibility that the press or the media ought to be mindful of in terms of proliferating false notions and values through the mechanism of advertising. Naturally, societies which adhere to the tenets of liberalism and democracy will be flooded by too many ideas, worldviews and values. This is an accurate characterization of current liberal and democratic societies. Capitalism, in itself, has a commercial mechanism which Barthes calls “censorship by repletion†(185). Commercialism thus, produces confusion and perhaps, intellectual anarchy, by flooding too many false notions as exemplified in the slogans that capitalists use to market their products. In a certain sense, the rise of commercialism endangers the very fabric of society; society’s cultural, historical and intellectual heritage. Eventually, marketing and advertising were able to replace political discourse. People, oftentimes readily accept the truthfulness of advertisements. They rarely take the time to think for themselves the truthfulness of slogans and advertisements on the television and the Internet. Such a setting of course, poses serious threats not only on the individual but more importantly, to the whole of society. We seem to forget that we have an important epistemic obligation, that is, not to accept the truth of a belief or a statement unless we have sufficient evidence for it. Undeniably, popular culture affects how the current generation thinks and reasons. To a certain extent, popular culture predisposes and moulds our children to behave and more importantly, to think in such and such ways. Culture, being a way of life, is a social phenomenon; it is the society which creates culture. It is the society which creates certain patterns of living, as argued by some social theorists. The idea is that it is ultimately, the people who draft their culture and their history. This idea is however, threatened by commercialism and capitalism. Vein Lasn adds up to this idea: “Culture isn’t created from the bottom up by the people anymore – it’s fed to us top-down by corporations†(189). What Van Lasn is pointing out is the fact that the market is too powerful a force that dictates culture. In Frank’s view, the corporate world feeds on the masses’ desire to individuality. The capitalists exploit this desire to be different, to be unique, or to stand out by linking the notion of individuality with a certain product that they sell on the market. The commercial mechanism of capitalism is, as stated earlier in the discussion, is the media through advertising. Businesses make extensive use of media and advertising to get the attention of the consumers. Capitalism, through media and advertising commodifies values such as individuality. By linking the false notion of individuality to a certain commodity, consumers think that they are unique, that they are different. A deeper analysis however reveals that the aforementioned claim to individuality is nothing but an illusion; a figment of the mind manufactured and institutionalized by capitalists. It is not only the case that it is manufactured and institutionalized; it is also sold to the consumers. Frank offers a metaphor: “The race track, the plane on which all individuals race for stardom, is run by those who create and instill conformity. The harder one tries to rebel, the deeper they play into the new consumer hip world, thus defeating their original goal entirelyâ€. At this point, it would be discussed how media and advertising marketed the idea of rebellion and how the subversive youth counterculture became, in itself, an affirmation not of individuality but of conformity. The quoted statement above from the last paragraph of Frank’s essay raises considerably significant issues that need to be dealt with accordingly. As Frank sees it, the race for individuality is a race that can never be won. The problem, as he sees it, is the fact that the “race track†or the playing field is in itself, owned by those who create and instill conformity – the capitalists. In addition to this, the aforementioned race cannot be won simply because it is the capitalist who dictates the rules. As a matter of fact, they do so because they are the ones who create the rules. So, following Frank’s reasoning in his metaphor, it is indeed the case that no matter how one tries to rebel, one inevitably gets caught up, entangled with the webs of commercialism and capitalism. The goal to be non-conformists is in vain. Why is this so? As Frank sees it, the current youth counterculture and its attempt to rebel involves a contradiction at its very core. Frank argues that “consumerism is no longer about conforming but about difference†(113). How did this happen? In the preceding discussions, consumerism is associated with conformity but why is it that Frank now claims that it is about difference? For him, the answer is simple. The youth counterculture rebels through material means like fashion and clothing or cars. The idea of individuality, the idea of being unique or different is limited to the shallow definition that the youth appropriates for itself. Consumerism is no longer about conforming but about difference, as Frank claims, since individuals are desperately trying not to conform but by trying not to conform, they end up conforming. Indeed, conforming and not-conforming becomes one and the same since they all play by the rules of the game; and the rules of the game as stated earlier, are created and thereby, controlled by the capitalists. Frank also makes mention of how the television makes significant contributions to the deception of the masses. It makes them believe that they are in control of themselves and their lives. On a superficial level, one may think that one is free in choosing the kind of television shows that he or she may choose according to the dictates of his or her will. The problem is however, much more complex and to think in the way described above is an oversimplification of the problem. It simply misses the point, so to speak. For even the shows on the television are dictated by the “fadâ€, by what is considered hip during a particular point in time. As Frank states: “hip is their official ideology†(121). Conclusion            Certainly, manners have already become a lesser element that is concentrated upon by the society today. Likely, the aim of being industrially known throughout the world has made the present society lesser concerned about morals, for as long as they are able to persuade the society to take consideration in giving attention to their product offerings no matter what it takes. Confidently, many people are able to live their lives even though they are considering less focus upon the morals that they are implying upon in the growth of the entire society. In this manner, they are then having a hard time relating the present situation of the society with the idealism of a modern social utopia as per suggested by Selznick. Obviously, Thomas Frank actually explains that this particular factor in the society has already been lost by the human generation as they began embracing the trends of industrialization thus jumping into the band wagon of popular culture and modern commercialism along the way.            Obviously,  as the years has passed the human generations that are existing at present, the idealism of a modern social utopia has been lost to the aims of gaining much profit for a more economically progressive society. Understandably, the measure of the possibility of making a more socially moral community of humans in the world today becomes more and more involved with the influential factors that hold the key towards the believed progression that has been longed for by the human society. Through the use of media and advertising, the morals of the humanity actually begins to fade as it embraces the effects of globalization that also consequently subject major moral rules to jeopardy for the sake of continuing the advancements of the society that is highly wanted by the entire human generation today. References: Adorno and Horkheimer. The Dialectic of the Enlightenment. Herder and Herder, c. 1972. Barthes, R. Image, Music, Text. Hill, c. 1977. Frank, Thomas. Why Johnny Cant Dissent. Commodify Your Dissent: Salvos from The Baffler. W. W. Norton Company; 1st ed., c. 1997. The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip   Consumerism. University of Chicago Press, c. 1997. Lasn, K. Culture Jam: The Uncooling of America. Eagle Brook, c. 1999. Levinson, Sanford. Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong And                        How We the People Can Correct It. Oxford University Press, c. 2006. Sunstein, Cass. Why Societies Need Dissent. Harvard University Press, c. 2003. Selznick, Philip. (1994). The Moral Commonwealth: Social Theory and the Promise of Community (Centennial Books). University of California Press; Reprint edition. |